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Alexander George Karczmar (known as Nicky), an American neuroscientist and academician, was born on May 9, 1917, in Warsaw, Poland. His parents were Stanislas (Szmaya) Karczmar, a businessman, and Helena (Hendla) Karczmar-Billauer. Karczmar was naturalized as an American citizen in January 1946. His academic career culminated with 30 years tenure (1956–1986) as Professor and Chairman, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics at Loyola University of Chicago Medical Center, and Director of its Institute for Mind, Drugs and Behavior. He is widely recognized for his experimental research, almost all of which is devoted to the cholinergic system, both central and peripheral, and its autonomic and mental functions, including its control of various human and animal behaviors. Since the 1970s he has explored the existence and the nature of the "self". He is now Professor Emeritus of Pharmacology at the Stritch School of Medicine.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Alexander G. Karczmar, M.D., Ph.D. )〕 ==Education and professional career== Karczmar received his primary education at Collegium High School, Warsaw from which he graduated with highest honors in 1934. His subsequent studies in Biological and Medical Sciences at the Józef Piłsudski University of Warsaw were interrupted temporarily by several anti-semitic outbursts and ultimately, in 1939, by World War II. After his emigration to the United States he entered Columbia University, New York, Graduate School where he earned his M. A. degree in Zoology in 1941 and his Ph. D. degree in Biophysics in 1947, his doctoral mentor being the well-known biophysicist and explorer of the quantal nature of vision, Professor Selig Hecht. During this time period he was also a Columbia University Teaching Fellow and he worked as an American Philosophical Society Doctoral Fellow on limb regeneration with Professor Oscar E. Schotte, of Amherst College, Massachusetts, and on neuromyal relaxation latency with Professor Alexander Sandow of New York University. Upon his graduation, he was successively (1946–1953) Assistant and Associate Professor at Georgetown University, Washington DC, in Theodore Koppanyi's Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Professor Koppanyi introduced him to the cholinergic field. He became a Fellow at Sterling Winthrop Research Institute, Rensselaer, New York from 1953 to 1956, where he was a member of a team which developed Ambenonium (Mytelase), a drug still used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis, and the vasodilator amotriphene (Myordil). In 1956, Karczmar moved to Loyola University of Chicago Medical Center in Maywood, Illinois where he served from 1956 to 1986 as Professor and Chairman of the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and as the Senior Director of the Institute for Mind, Drugs and Behavior from 1964 to 1986; he was also Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Education from 1981 to 1986. He was Acting Medical Director, Foundation 41, in Sydney, Australia from 1988 to 1989. He also served from 1956 to 2008 as Senior Consultant, Research Services, VA and as Consultant to the Surgeon General, USA (1987-). At present he is a trustee and Secretary, Chicago Association for Research and Education in Science (1987-). Karczmar organized many international Symposia, including the Symposium on Brain and Human Behavior in Chicago, 1978 (with Sir John C. Eccles); Symposium on Interdependence of Neurotransmitter Systems in the CNS at the Seventh International Congress of Pharmacology (IUPHAR). Paris, 1978 (with J. Glowinski); Symposium on Inter-relationships Between Various Neurotransmitter Systems at the Tenth Congress of the Collegium Intern. Neuropsychopharmacologicum, Quebec, Canada, 1978; International Symposium on Aggressive Behavior, Florence, 1969 (with S. A. Barnett and S. Garattini); Symposium on Cholinergic Transmission, Annual FASEB Meeting, Atlantic City, New Jersey, 1969; and Symposium on New Conceptual Approaches to Prophylaxis and Therapy of Organophosphorus Poisoning, Fort St. Lucie, Florida, 1984. He maintains a particular link with the International Symposia on Cholinergic Mechanisms (1970–2008); he attended all but one of the thirteen ISCMs and served as the Chair of the International Advisory Committee for several of them. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Alex Karczmar」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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